An adversarial system of justice is one in which the court acts as a neutral referee between the defence and the prosecution in criminal trials, or the plaintiff and the defendant in civil trials. In inquisitorial systems, the court is an active participant in proving the facts of the case and will often take part in the investigation of the facts. Under both systems, rights of appeal to superior courts are available.

A third culture kid refers to a child who grew up in a different culture than their parents.

Collectivism refers to the prioritisation of the collective of individuals, where society's or community's interests are considered more important than an individual's interests.

Historically, Vietnam's tech sector has been dependent on foreign technological firms such as Samsung, Huawei, and Intel.

Neobanks are banking services which are entirely online and do not have physical branches. Neobanks often do not have their own banking licenses, but rather rely on partner banks for regulatory frameworks. Examples include Touch N Go E-Wallet, BigPay, Wise, and Monzo.

EU strategic autonomy refers to the European Union's capacity to act independently in key policy areas, particularly in security and defense, without undue reliance on other global powers through NATO.

For example, in the "Readiness 2030" initiative, European nations would commit to raising up to €800 billion for defense investments over the coming years.

Theoretical research develops abstract concepts and models, while applied research uses knowledge to solve real-world problems.

"Saiwengshima" is a Chinese fable and narrative which encourages individuals to retain optimism in difficulty due to the unpredictability of life.